Metodologi Penelitian Kuantitatif, Kualitatif, dan Campuran: Pendekatan Filosofis, Teoritis, dan Praktis
Keywords:
Metodologi Penelitian, Penelitian Kuantitatif, Penelitian Kualitatif, Penelitian CampuranSynopsis
Metodologi penelitian merupakan fondasi utama dalam proses ilmiah, yang memungkinkan peneliti untuk menggali, memahami, dan menjelaskan fenomena yang terjadi di sekitar kita. Dengan perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi yang semakin pesat, pemahaman yang komprehensif tentang metodologi penelitian menjadi sangat penting, baik bagi mahasiswa, dosen, maupun peneliti. Buku ini hadir sebagai panduan yang tidak hanya memberikan pemahaman teoritis, tetapi juga pendekatan filosofis serta aplikasi praktis dalam berbagai metode penelitian.
Dalam dunia akademik dan profesional, terdapat tiga pendekatan utama dalam penelitian, yaitu kuantitatif, kualitatif, dan campuran (mixed methods). Pendekatan kuantitatif menekankan pada pengukuran yang objektif dan analisis statistik untuk menguji hipotesis, sementara pendekatan kualitatif berfokus pada pemahaman mendalam terhadap fenomena sosial melalui perspektif subjektif. Di antara kedua pendekatan tersebut, penelitian campuran hadir sebagai solusi yang menggabungkan keunggulan dari masing-masing metode untuk memberikan hasil yang lebih holistik dan menyeluruh.
Buku ini disusun dengan pendekatan yang sistematis, sehingga pembaca dapat memahami secara bertahap dari konsep dasar hingga teknik analisis yang lebih kompleks. Setiap bab dirancang untuk memberikan pemahaman mendalam, dilengkapi dengan contoh penerapan di berbagai bidang ilmu. Selain itu, buku ini juga mengakomodasi perkembangan terbaru dalam metodologi penelitian, termasuk penelitian dan pengembangan (R&D) serta penelitian tindakan (Action Research), yang semakin banyak digunakan dalam penelitian terapan dan inovatif.
References
American Psychological Association (APA). (2017). Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Babbie, E. (2020). The practice of social research (15th ed.). Cengage Learning.
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173-1182.
Bass, B. M. (1998). Transformational leadership: Industrial, military, and educational impact. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Bholat, D., Hansen, S., Santos, P., & Schönlieb, C. (2015). Text mining for central banks. Centre for Economic Policy Research (CEPR) Discussion Paper, 11009.
Borgman, C. L. (2015). Big data, little data, no data: Scholarship in the networked world. MIT Press.
Bowen, G. A. (2009). Document analysis as a qualitative research method. Qualitative Research Journal, 9(2), 27-40.
Boyd, D., & Crawford, K. (2012). Critical questions for big data: Provocations for a cultural, technological, and scholarly phenomenon. Information, Communication & Society, 15(5), 662-679.
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77-101.
Bryman, A. (2015). Social research methods (5th ed.). Oxford University Press.
Charmaz, K. (2014). Constructing grounded theory (2nd ed.). SAGE Publications.
Cohen, J., Cohen, P., West, S. G., & Aiken, L. S. (2003). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences (3rd ed.). Routledge.
Cook, T. D., & Campbell, D. T. (1979). Quasi-experimentation: Design & analysis issues for field settings. Houghton Mifflin.
Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (5th ed.). SAGE Publications.
Creswell, J. W., & Plano Clark, V. L. (2018). Designing and conducting mixed methods research (3rd ed.). SAGE Publications.
Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2018). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches (4th ed.). SAGE Publications.
Denzin, N. K. (2017). The research act: A theoretical introduction to sociological methods. Routledge.
Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (2017). The SAGE handbook of qualitative research (5th ed.). SAGE Publications.
DeWalt, K. M., & DeWalt, B. R. (2011). Participant observation: A guide for fieldworkers (2nd ed.). Rowman & Littlefield.
Doshi-Velez, F., & Kim, B. (2017). Towards a rigorous science of interpretable machine learning. arXiv preprint arXiv:1702.08608.
Emerson, R. M., Fretz, R. I., & Shaw, L. L. (2011). Writing ethnographic fieldnotes (2nd ed.). University of Chicago Press.
Fanelli, D. (2009). How many scientists fabricate and falsify research? PLOS One, 4(5), e5738.
Farrington, D. P. (1991). Longitudinal research strategies: Advantages, problems, and prospects. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 30(3), 369-374.
Field, A. (2018). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics (5th ed.). SAGE Publications.
Flick, U. (2018). An introduction to qualitative research (6th ed.). SAGE Publications.
Florian, L., & Black-Hawkins, K. (2011). Exploring inclusive pedagogy. Cambridge Journal of Education, 41(2), 173-189.
Gadamer, H.-G. (2004). Truth and method. Continuum.
Geertz, C. (1973). The interpretation of cultures: Selected essays. Basic Books.
Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. L. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research. Aldine.
Goleman, D. (2017). Emotional intelligence: Why it can matter more than IQ. Bantam.
Hodder, I. (2000). The interpretation of documents and material culture. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research (2nd ed., pp. 703-716). SAGE Publications.
Israel, M., & Hay, I. (2006). Research ethics for social scientists: Between ethical conduct and regulatory compliance. SAGE Publications.
Johnson, R. B., Onwuegbuzie, A. J., & Turner, L. A. (2007). Toward a definition of mixed methods research. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 1(2), 112-133.
Kawulich, B. B. (2005). Participant observation as a data collection method. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 6(2).
Kuhn, T. S. (1962). The structure of scientific revolutions. University of Chicago Press.
Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. SAGE Publications.
Mayer, R. E. (2020). Multimedia learning (3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Mayer-Schönberger, V., & Cukier, K. (2013). Big data: A revolution that will transform how we live, work, and think. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
Menard, S. (2002). Longitudinal research. SAGE Publications.
Merriam, S. B., & Tisdell, E. J. (2016). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation (4th ed.). Jossey-Bass.
Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M., & Saldaña, J. (2018). Qualitative data analysis: A methods sourcebook (4th ed.). SAGE Publications.
Milgram, S. (1974). Obedience to authority: An experimental view. Harper & Row.
Montgomery, D. C. (2017). Design and analysis of experiments (9th ed.). Wiley.
Moustakas, C. (1994). Phenomenological research methods. SAGE Publications.
Neuman, W. L. (2014). Social research methods: Qualitative and quantitative approaches (7th ed.). Pearson.
Noble, S. U. (2018). Algorithms of oppression: How search engines reinforce racism. NYU Press.
Nosek, B. A., Alter, G., Banks, G. C., Borsboom, D., Bowman, S. D., Breckler, S. J., ... & Yarkoni, T. (2015). Promoting an open research culture. Science, 348(6242), 1422-1425.
O’Neil, C. (2016). Weapons of math destruction: How big data increases inequality and threatens democracy. Crown Publishing Group.
Patton, M. Q. (2015). Qualitative research & evaluation methods (4th ed.). SAGE Publications.
Pink, S., Horst, H., Postill, J., Hjorth, L., Lewis, T., & Tacchi, J. (2016). Digital ethnography: Principles and practice. SAGE Publications.
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., & Bommer, W. H. (1996). Transformational leader behaviors and substitutes for leadership as determinants of employee satisfaction, commitment, trust, and organizational citizenship behaviors. Journal of Management, 22(2), 259-298.
Popper, K. (1959). The logic of scientific discovery. Routledge.
Reverby, S. M. (2009). Examining Tuskegee: The infamous syphilis study and its legacy. University of North Carolina Press.
Ricoeur, P. (1981). Hermeneutics and the human sciences: Essays on language, action and interpretation. Cambridge University Press.
Salovey, P., & Mayer, J. D. (1990). Emotional intelligence. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 9(3), 185-211.
Schaufeli, W. B., Bakker, A. B., & Salanova, M. (2006). The measurement of work engagement with a short questionnaire: A cross-national study. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 66(4), 701-716.
Shadish, W. R., Cook, T. D., & Campbell, D. T. (2002). Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for generalized causal inference. Houghton Mifflin.
Silverman, D. (2016). Qualitative research (4th ed.). SAGE Publications.
Simmons, J. P., Nelson, L. D., & Simonsohn, U. (2011). False-positive psychology: Undisclosed flexibility in data collection and analysis allows presenting anything as significant. Psychological Science, 22(11), 1359-1366.
Spradley, J. P. (1980). Participant observation. Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2019). Using multivariate statistics (7th ed.). Pearson.
Tashakkori, A., & Teddlie, C. (2010). SAGE handbook of mixed methods in social & behavioral research (2nd ed.). SAGE Publications.
Topol, E. (2019). Deep medicine: How artificial intelligence can make healthcare human again. Basic Books.
Tracy, S. J. (2019). Qualitative research methods: Collecting evidence, crafting analysis, communicating impact (2nd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell.
Uggen, C., Manza, J., & Thompson, M. (2006). Citizenship, democracy, and the civic reintegration of criminal offenders. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 605(1), 281-310.
World Medical Association. (2013). Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects.
Yin, R. K. (2018). Case study research and applications: Design and methods (6th ed.). SAGE Publications.
Yukl, G. (2013). Leadership in organizations (8th ed.). Pearson.
Zimmer, M. (2010). “But the data is already public”: On the ethics of research in Facebook. Ethics and Information Technology, 12(4), 313-325.







